Causes and Effects of Autoimmunity
What is Autoimmunity?
Autoimmunity is a condition where the immune system mounts an attack against its own tissue. It is very complex, and science doesn’t yet know exactly how it happens. Possible mechanisms include molecular mimicry, the bystander effects, and many factors that lead to gut dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) and leaky gut (intestinal permeability).1
Molecular mimicry: Science is suggesting that molecular mimicry is one cause of autoimmune conditions.2 This is when the proteins that a microbe produces resemble human proteins, causing cross-reactivity that leads the body to attack self-tissue.3
Bystander effect: Another possibility is the bystander effect, which occurs when immune cells activated by an infection also activate a killer T cell that targets self-tissue.4 Neither of these theories can fully explain the events leading to autoimmunity.5
Lifestyle: While microbes are becoming a recognized factor of autoimmunity, the full picture also includes how we live our lives. This includes many lifestyle factors which can partially contribute to autoimmunity including inflammation, toxic overload, food sensitivities and hormone imbalances that lead to dysbiosis and leaky gut.
Genetic predisposition?
While genetic susceptibility is a contributing factor to autoimmune conditions – type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases and ankylosing spondylitis – leaky gut is also associated with these conditions.5 Current scientific opinion suggests that the passing or sharing of microbes, particularly from mother to child during birth and breastfeeding, may contribute more than any specific genes.3
The cycle continues
Unfortunately, once the autoimmune process is activated, it can become self-perpetuating and possibly irreversible. If, however, the cause is due to an interplay between genes and the environment through a breach in the intestinal barrier, then autoimmunity can potentially be averted by stopping the process of continual stimulation by healing leaky gut.5
What causes intestinal permeability?
This can alter your immune response if genetically predisposed, which could result in an autoimmune assault. I will explain one mechanism as it relates to autoimmunity, though there are many possibilities. Lining the entire digestive track (as well as the lungs and blood brain barrier) is a single layer of endothelial cells, along with a protective mucosal barrier.
The cells are held together with various tight junctions that are capable of regulating the flow of fluids, macromolecules, microorganisms, and white blood cells.5 One of the main factors involved with opening tight junctions and, consequently, increasing intestinal permeability is a protein called zonulin. One of the main triggers for increasing the concentration of zonulin is gliadin, one of the proteins that make up gluten.5 Fasano reports that a higher percent of patients with the previously mentioned autoimmune conditions have higher levels of zonulin.
Gluten contains gliadin, which raises zonulin levels, opening tight junctions and increasing intestinal permeability and inflammation! This alters your immune response if genetically predisposed, which results in an autoimmune assault.
What can you do?
While there is still much to learn about these and other involved mechanisms, gluten, zonulin and intestinal permeability are clearly involved. In a strange way, that is good because they are factors that each person can modify and control to some extent. Having a healthy microbiome is also involved, and that is something that each person can modify and control to some extent, as well. The difficulty is knowing what each person needs, as each person has a unique situation – diet, stress level, hormones, microflora population, genetic predisposition, and more. Even if you think you are doing everything ‘right’ it may not be optimal for YOU. Change is always necessary.
Susan Blake is a nutritional therapist in Tacoma who works with individuals in person. She can be reached at hairandbodyshop@comcast.net or by calling 243.778.0684. New clients may schedule a free 30 minute consultation.
References
1. Raghupathy, R. (2006). Principles of autoimmunity: Part I – Introduction of autoimmunity. Bulletin of the Kuwait Institute for Medical Specialization, 5, 22-25.
2. Yurkovetskiy, L. A., Pickard, J. M., & Chervonsky, A. V. (2015). Microbiota and autoimmunity: exploring new avenues. Cell Host Microbe, 17(5), 548-52. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.010.
3. Proal, A. D., Albert, P. J., & Marshall, T. G. (2013). The human microbiome and autoimmunity. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 25(2), 234-40. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32835cedbf.
4. Chervonsky, A. V. (2013). Microbiota and Autoimmunity. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 5: a007294.
doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007294.
5. Fasano, A. (2012). Leaky Gut and Autoimmune Diseases. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 42, 71–78. doi: 10.1007/s12016-011-8291-x.






