Is Gluten a Contributing Factor for Leaky Gut?
Another name for leaky gut is “intestinal permeability”. What this means in basic terms is that there has been some sort of breach along the lining of the intestines. This lining is called the intestinal barrier and consists of a single layer of cells or the epithelial cell lining, which is the mucosal layer, the microorganisms that make up the microbiome and chemical secretions of the immune system.1 When healthy, the epithelial cells are stuck together forming a barrier that allows ions and properly digested food components (nutrients) to enter the body while preventing toxins, proteins, pathogens and microorganisms from entering.2 While many factors can affect the barrier including diet, toxic chemicals, smoking, dysbiosis, infection, stress and more, a specific factor may be related to the consumption of gluten.
Back to the intestinal barrier for a moment. The way the cells are held together is through tight junctions, adherence junctions and desmosomes.3 For simplification, I will call them tight junctions. A group of molecules including occludins, junction adhesion molecules and claudins hold the cells together like glue preventing things from passing between the cells.4 The specific factor that affects these tight junctions that is related to gluten is a protein called zonulin, secreted in the small intestines to regulate intestinal permeability. Research has discovered two things that can stimulate the release of zonulin: infection and gliadin.5 Gliadin is a protein chain that, when combined with glutenin, forms what we call gluten. So, what happens? A person consumes wheat that contains gluten, the gliadin portion activates zonulin, zonulin binds to a receptor on an enterocyte (small intestine cell) that causes the tight junctions to open.6
Now the intestinal barrier is not a barrier anymore, and undigested food, microorganisms or toxins can pass through the opened tight junction and enter the blood. Because of the way the gluten proteins are folded, they can be difficult to digest.7 Undigested gliadin or other food components, for that matter, can now pass through and get into the blood, potentially causing an inflammatory and immune response.8 Whew! That’s quite a chemistry lesson! In a simplified explanation, what you need to know is that eating gluten triggers the release of zonulin, and zonulin activates leaky gut. This is just one factor that can affect intestinal permeability that is associated with many diseases and conditions including atopic diseases, inflammatory bowel syndrome and disease,9 as well as gluten-related disorders and food sensitivities.10
The question that is still being hotly debated and researched is whether everyone is affected by gluten and if it would be better for everyone to avoid it or only those with a gluten-related disorder like Celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, dermatitis herpetiformis, gluten ataxia or a wheat allergy.11 Another debate is whether avoidance of a food trigger is enough to promote health. While it is important to avoid a food that is causing potential harm, the issue I explained with zonulin and leaky gut is but one factor involved with intestinal permeability. If a person avoids gluten but has a lot of internal or external stress that also triggers leaky gut, will they have trouble with other food, as well? That’s a good question! Factors that affect intestinal permeability are often unique to each individual and I think it is important for each person to find out what is contributing, avoid the food triggers and work on healing the gut!
Susan Blake, NTP, BS, CGP helps her clients determine their ideal diets, heal their digestive systems, and learn about the interplay between physical and psychological health. Visit her website thewholebodyshop.net or reach out to her at hairandbodyshop@comcast.net or by calling 253.778.0684.
References
1,2,9Bischoff, S. C., Barbara, G., Buurman, W., Ockhuizen, T., Schulzke, J., Serino, M., Wells, J. M. Intestinal permeability – a new target for disease prevention and therapy. BMC Gastroenterology, 14(189), 1-25.
3Michielan, A. & D’Incà, R. (2015). Intestinal Permeability in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathogenesis, Clinical Evaluation, and Therapy of Leaky Gut. Mediators of Inflammation, 2015, 628157. doi: 10.1155/2015/628157. Epub 2015 Oct 25.
4,5,6Fasano, A. Intestinal permeability and its regulation by zonulin: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 10(10), 1096-100. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.08.012. Epub 2012 Aug 16.
7,8Gutiérrez, S., Pérez-Andrés, J., Martínez-Blanco, H., Ferrero, M. A., Vaquero, L., Vivas, S., Rodríguez- Aparicio, L. B. The human digestive tract has proteases capable of gluten hydrolysis. Molecular Metabolism,
6(7), 693-702. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.05.008. eCollection 2017 Jul.
10O’Bryan, A. V. & Kellermann, G. H. (2008). The immunology of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reaction to gluten. European Journal of Inflammation, 6(1), 1-10.
11Tovoli, F., Masi, C., Guidetti, E., Negrini, G., Paterini, P., & Bolondi, L. (2015). Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders, World Journal of Clinical Cases, 3(3), 275-84.






